What is Plotter

A plotter is an output device that is used to produce image- quality graphics in a variety of colors. Plotters are used to create maps,architectural drawings, graphs and charts. A plotter works by drawing lines on paper using pens held in a mechanical arm.

Types Of Plotters:

Different types of plotters are as follows:

1.  Flatbed Plotter
2.  Drum Plotter

 1. Flatbed Plotter:

Flatbed plotter is used to plot or draw images. It contains pen for drawing images. The paper is placed on table-like surface. Software instructs the pen to move down on the paper.The pen then moves on the paper for creating images. Most flatbed plotters have one or more pens of different colors and widths.    

2. Drum Plotter:

 Drum plotter uses a rotating drum or cylinder. The drawing pens are mounted on the drum. The pens move to the left and right as the drum rotates. This movement creates the desired image. The advantage of drum plotter is that the length of the plot is almost unlimited. The roll paper can be used to draw very lengthy images. The width of the image depends on the width of the drum.

Printers

A printer is an out put device that prints characters, symbols and graphics on paper. The printed output is called hard copy. Print resolution is commonly measured in dots per inch(dpi). Different categories of printers are as follows:

• 1. Impact Printers:

An impact printer works like a typewriter. It prints characters or images by striking a print hammer or set of pins against an inked ribbon. The ink is pressed from the ribbon on the paper to produce the output. Impact printers are the oldest print technologies which are still produced. The impact printers are used where low-cost printing is required. Three most common forms of impact printers are  

1.dot matrix printers,

2.daisy wheel printer 

3. line printer.

2. Non Impact Printers:

A non impact printer prints characters and graphics on paper without striking paper. The characters are printed on paper with different means such as laser. Some printers use spray ink while others use heat and pressure to create images. These printers are faster than impact printers. However, they are more costly than impact printers. The produce no noise during printing. The print quality of non-impact printers is better than impact printers.

Different kinds of non-impact printers are as follows:

• Laser Printer

• Inkjet Printer

•  Thermal Printer

• Laser Printer:

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The laser printer is a non-impact printer. Its working is similar to photocopying machine. It uses laser beams to burn special powder on the page to create a permanent image. The powder is contained in the toner. Laser printer prints complete page at a time. It is also known as page printer. The printing speed of laser printers for home and small office user is 12 to 45 pages per minute (ppm). The printing speed of laser printer for large business user is 150 ppm or more. The speed depends on the contents being printed. The plain text i printed faster than graphics. Laser printer prints text ad graphics in high quality resolution. A typical laser printer provides a resolution of 1200 DPI or more. It also prints at higher speed than inkjet and dot matrix printers. It does not make much noise. Laser printer is mostly used in the business field. The black and white printing cost of laser printer is less than inkjet printers. Laser printers are available in black and white as well as color models.

•  Inkjet Printer:

An ink-jet printer is a type of non-impact printer. It prints characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink on paper. These printers can produce quality text and graphics in both-and-white and color including photos. A typical inkjet printer provides a resolution of 600 DPI or more. The price of inkjet printers is less than laser printers. However, they are slower than laser printers. Most inkjet printers can print from 10 to 35 pages per minute. However, they print graphics and color at slower rate. The print quality of inkjet printers is higher than dot matrix printer. They are also comparatively inexpensive.Most inkjet printers usually have two print cartridges. One cartridge contains black ink and the other contains color.

• Thermal Printer: 

Thermal printer is a printer that uses heat process to transfer colored dyes or inks to the paper. Thermal printer is the best color printers currently available but it is also very expensive. It was originally used only in scientific labs to record data. This printer is used to produce very high-quality color artwork and text. Professional applications requiring very high image quality such as photo studio, medical labs and security identification systems use thermal printers.The cost of this printer is thousands of dollars and it prints images in a wide range or sizes.

4. Photo Printer:

Photo printer is a color printer that is specially designed to print high-quality photographs. It is also called snapshot printer. Some photo printers print photos of one or two sizes only. Many photo printers have a built- in card slot. The printer can print digital photos directly from a media card. It means that there is no need to transfer the images from media card to the computer to print them. Some photo printers also have build-in LCD color screens. The user can view pictures before printing them. Some photo printers also have built-in LCD color screens. The user can view pictures before printing them.
5. Portable Printer:

Portable printer is a small, light - weight and battery- powered printer. It can be used by mobile users to print images from a notebook computer, Table PC or PDA while traveling. Its size is a bit wider than the page on which it prints. Portable printer fits in briefcase easily. Many printers connect to parallel port or USB port. Some portable printers have built in wireless port to communicate with computer wirelessly.
 6. Label and postage Printer:

Label printer is a small printer. It prints on an adhesive type material that can be placed on different items like envelopes, packages, CDs, toys etc. Many label printers also print bar codes. Postage printer is a special type of label printer. It has a built-in digital scale. It prints postage stamps. It allows the users to buy and print digital postage from their personal computers. The digital postage is also called Internet postage.

Computer Crime

It often involves stealing, using or selling company's personal data. A type of crime that refers to an illegal act involving the Internet is called cyber crime.

• Computer Criminals:

The persons who commit computer crimes are known as computer criminals or cyber criminals. Different types of computer criminals are as follows:
 1.Hacker:

A person who accesses a computer or network illegally is known as hacker. This term was originally used for computer enthusiasts.

2.Cracker:

Cracker is a person who accesses a computer or network illegally for some negative purpose. A cracker may destroy data and steal important information etc.

3. Script Kiddie:

A person who attempts to access a computer or network illegally without technical knowledge is known as script kiddie. The script kiddies often use hacking or cracking software to access computers.

 4.Corporate Spy:
A person who is hired to break into a specific computer is known as corporate spy. Corporate spies have excellent computer and network corporate spy. Corporate spies have excellent computer and network skills. Some organizations hire them to identify security risks in the organization etc.
5. Unethical Employee:
 The unethical employees may access the computer for different reasons. Some may get financial gains by selling confidential information. Some unhappy employee may do this to get revenge etc. 
6. Cyber Extortionist :
A person who uses email as tool for extortion is known as cyber extortionist. Such persons send email to a company with a threat. They tell company to pay money otherwise they will expose confidential information of company etc,
7. Cyber Terrorist:
A person who uses computer Internet or network to destroy or damage computers for political reason is known as cyber terrorist. For example, cyber terrorists may destroy air traffic control system, electricity-generating systems or telecommunication system of a country etc.
Methods Used by Computer Criminals:
 The following methods are used by computer criminals:

• Bomb:

 It is a program that triggers under certain conditions. It is usually activated at a certain date. It may be planted in commercial software like shareware software.

• Data Diddling:

It is a process of changing data before or as it enters the system. The auditors must verify the accuracy of the source data and the processing that accurs.

• Denial of Service:

It slows down a computer system or network. It floods a computer or network with requests for information or data. The server under attack receives so many requests that it cannot respond to legitimate users. 

• Piggybacking:

 It is a process of entering the system by riding on the back of an authorized user. It occurs when an authorized user does not log off the system properly. An illegal user may continue where original user left.

• Salami Technique:

It is a process of getting a small amount of money illegally from a large financial system

• Scavenging :

 It is a process of searching company's trash cans to find useful information. The thieves search garbage and recycling bins of individuals to find bank account numbers and credit card numbers etc.

• Trap Door :

 It is an illegitimate program that is left within a completed legitimate program. It allows subsequent entry by unauthorized user to change the program .

• Trojan Horse:

 It is a program that hides itself within a useful program. It executes illegal, destructive instructions in the middle of the program such as computer game. FormatC is an example of a Trojan Horse.

• Zapping:

 The zapping software is designed to bypass all security systems.

Organizational behavior.

Organizational Behavior is the study of individuals and their behavior within the context of the organization in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology,communication and management. Organizational behavior is the study of how organizations can be structures more effectively, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. Learning about organizational behavior in today's business environment could help managers build up a better work related understanding of themselves and their subsidiary. With the knowledge managers can achieve a successful career. Since a manager needs to get his job done by the others, to have an organizational behavior skills become a valuable talent.

As the environment of business is always changing, the role of the managers has become more sensitive. In order to know how to handle a new workforce, and deal with the complication of the new environment, the supervisions need to develop their information about attitude and behavior of individuals, and groups in organization. Now we know not only the hard skills are important for get the job done, soft skills are helps managers to do their job more effectively and efficiently. What are hard and soft skills ? Hard skills include written communication, computer problem solving experiences, computer skills, and ability to understand new technologies, international business Organizational behavior has a big area to study. These are many different elements that they are related to each other like a chain. The three important aspects that (a) motivation (b) communication(c) leadership. 

Organizational studies encompass the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of '' micro'' organizational behavior which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting and '' macro'' strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries, how they adapt, and the strategies, structures and contingencies that guide them. To this distinction some scholars have added an interest in '' meso'' scale structures power culture, and the networks of individuals and ie ronit units in organizations and field level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. These is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers' behavior, as well as the manner in which workers are treated . Organizational behavior is becoming more important in the global economy as people with diverse backgrounds and cultural values must work together effectively and efficiently. It is also under increasing criticism as a field for its ethnocentric and pro-capitalist assumptions.
During the last 20 years, organizational behavior study and practice has developed and expanded through creating integrations with other domains:

• Anthropology became an interesting prism to understanding firms as communities, by introducing concepts like Organizational culture, 'organizational  rituals' and ' symbolic acts' enabling new ways to understand organizations as communities.
• Leadership Understanding , the crucial rile of leadership at various level of an organization in the process of change management. 
• Ethics and their importance as pillars of any vision and one of the most important driving forces in an organization.

Scanners

Scanner reads data or information from a source. This source could be a written document, a price tag, a graphic image or a photograph. A scanning device reads the data or information and then converts it into a form that can be processed by the system unit. Two types of scanning devices are optical scanner and optical readers.

• Optical Scanner

An optical scanner is also known as scanner. It is light-sending input device. It reads printed text and graphics and translates it in digital form. The scanned image can be used for different purposes as follows:

• It can be displayed on screen.

•  It can be printed on the paper.

• It can also be sent via email. 

• It can be posted on a web page.

• It can also be stored permanently for later use.

The typical image scanner scans at a resoultion of 300 or 600 dpi. Resolution describes the sharpness of an image. The quality of scanned image also depends on the resoultion. The scanned image will be brighter and sharper if the scanner provides high resolution. Professional scanners usually scan at 1200 dpi or higher. A higher number of dots generates better quality but also creates a larger file size. Many scanners also provide optical character recognition (OCR) software. OCR software can read the document image and then convert it into text that can be edited in word processor.

• Types of Optical Scanner:

Different types of optical scanners are as follows:

1. Flatbed Scanner:

A flatbed scanner is also called image scanner. It inputs one page at a time. It works like a photocopy machine. The image to be scanned is placed on a glass surface and the scanner records the image. It is generally used at home and office.
2. Sheet-fed Scanner:

A sheet-fed scanner works similarly to a flatbed scanner but documents are inserted on the top of the scanner like a fax machine. This design reduces the scanner's cost and the amount of required space. It also enables automatic sheet feeding. However, this feature also prevents the device from scanning bound-book pages or other documents thicker or larger than a sheet of paper.

3. Handheld Scanner:

A handheld scanner is a portable scanner. It is also called half- page scanners because it can scan only 2 to 5 inches at a time. Handheld scanners are useful to input small amount of data. The scanner must be moved over the image to be scanned by hand. Some handheld scanners include trays to keep the scanner moving in a straight line. It is designed to scan short articles and single lines of data like web addresses, names or phone numbers.

Types of Digital Cameras

• Image Capturing Devices:

The image capturing devices are used to capture original images. Some important image capturing devices are as follows:

• Digital Camera:

Digital camera is an input device. It stores images digitally in its memory rather than recording on film. The pictures taken with a digital camera can be transferred to the computer system. Many digital cameras allow the user to edit the images. The number of digital photos depends on the amount of memory in the camera.The main advantage of digital cameras is that making photos is inexpensive and fast. It does not require any film processing. Most digital cameras store images in internal flash memory. They can also store additional images on mobile storage media like flash memory cards, memory sticks and mini disks etc. Digital cameras can be connected to a computer easily through USB port.

The quality of a digital camera depends on its resolution. Resolution describes the sharpness of an image. Image resolution for digital camera is measured in megapixels. Megapixels are the millions of pixels in a graphic. The digital cameras of eight or more megapixel are now available and produce excellent photos.

• Types Of  Digital Cameras:

Some important digital cameras are as follows:

1. Studio Camera:
2. Field Camera:
3. Point-and-shoot Camera:

No1. Studio Camera:

It is the most expensive digital camera. It is a stationary camera used for professional studio work. It is normally used by professional photographers and journalists.

No 2. Field Camera:

It is a portable camera. It has many lenses and other attachments. It is also very expensive.

No 3. Point and shoot Camera:

It is less expensive and lightweight camera. It provides good quality images for home and small business users.

 Point-and shoot camera provides flash, zoom, automatic focus and special effects. Some cameras also allow to record short video clips. They also provide build in TV out port to display photographs and video clips on TV.

Stress Management

Some organizations provide training to employees on stress management and Employee Assistance Program (EAP). Nearly half of the companies in USA are providing training to employees on ways to handle stress. These programs teach employees the causes and consequences of stress, the way to handle them and some relaxation exercises. These programs are able to alleviate some symptoms of stress, like sleep disturbances and anxiety.Some companies also provide counseling sessions to some employees who also have some personal problems.However, these benefits are short lived in nature as they do not strike the problem at the root, if the genesis of the problem lies somewhere in the work practices being followed by the organization.

• Stress management:

Employers should provide a stress-free work environment, recognize where stress is becoming a problem for staff, and take action to reduce stress.Stress in the workplace reduces productivity, increases management pressures, and makes people ill in many ways, evidence of which is still increasing. Workplace stress affects the performance of the brain, including functions of work performance: memory, concentration, and learning. In UK over 13 million working days are lost every year because of stress. Stress is believed to trigger 70% of visits to doctors, and 85% of serious illnesses. Stress at work also provides a serious risk of litigation for all employers and organizations, carrying significant liabilities for damages, bad  publicity and loss of reputation. Dealing with stress-related claims also consumes vast amounts of management time. So, there are clearly strong economic and financial reasons for organizations to manage and reduce stress at work, aside from the obvious humanitarian and ethical considerations. If you are suffering from stress yourself the stress management   guidelines here are just as relevant. See the workplace stress research crucifies below. Stress and stress management are directly related to personal Well-being and specifically to workplace well-being. See the separate article on workplace well being for a detailed explanation of well-being and its relevance to modern work and management.

• Quick stress reduction techniques:

If you are stressed, do one or all of these things, in whatever order that takes your fancy. These ideas can also be adapted for team development exercises. The key to  De-stressing in the moment is getting away from or removing you from the stress-or. Developing new habits which regularly remove you and distract you from stressors and stressful situations and pressures is essentially how to manage stress on a more permanent basis. In this modern world it is difficult if not impossible to change stressful situations. What we can do however is change and reduce our exposure to those stressful situations. These stress reduction ideas and techniques are based on that simple principle.These tips won't change the situation causing the stress, but they will, more importantly, enable you to change your reaction and relationship to the stressful situations. And in keeping with the tone of this stress tips section, and since color is regarded by many as a factor in affecting mood, the calming shade of green is used for the headings...

• Stress Causes:

Stress is caused by various factors- not all of which are work- related of course, (which incidentally doesn't reduce the employer's obligation to protect against the causes of stress at work). Causes of stress - known as stressors- are in two categories: external stressors and internal stressors.

• External Stressors:

Physical conditions such as heat or cold, stressful psychological environments such as working conditions and abusive relationship, eg, bullying.

• Internal Stressors:

Physical ailments such as infection or inflammation, or psychological problems such as worrying about something. From the above,it is easy to see that work can be a source of both external and internal stressors. Stressors are also described as either short-term (acute)or long- term (chronic):

• Stress effects on health and performance: 

Stress is proven beyond doubt to make people ill, and evidence is increasing as to number of ailments and diseases caused by stress. Stress is now known to contribute to heart disease, it causes hypertension and high blood pressure, and impairs the immune system. Stress is also linked to strokes, IBS ( irritable bowel syndrome), ulcers, diabetes, muscle and joint pain miscarriage during pregnancy, allergies, alopecia and even premature tooth loss.

• Signs Of Stress:

• Sleep difficulties
• loss of appetite 
• Poor concentration or poor memory retention
• Performance dip
• uncharacteristic errors or missed deadlines 
• anger or tantrums
• violent or anti-social behavior
• emotional outbursts
• alcohol or drug abuse
• nervous habits

Methods of Personal stress management and stress relief
If  you are suffering from work related stress and it's beginning to affect, or already affecting your health,  Stop to think:  why are you taking this risk with your body and mind ? Lives short enough as it is: illness is all around us: why make matters worse? Commit to change before one day change is forced upon you. If you recognize signs of stress in a staff member, especially if you are that person's manager, don't  ignore it do something about it. It is your duty to do so. If you do not feel capable of dealing with the situation, do not ignore it; you must refer it to someone who can deal with it. You must also look for signs of non-work related stressors or factors that increase susceptibility to stress, because these will make a person more vulnerable to work-related stressors. Successful stress management frequently relies on reducing stress susceptibility and removing the stresssors, and often factors will be both contributing to susceptibility and a direct cause.